Praziquantel

The NIR spectroscopy have provided a highly useful tool for controlling powdered pharmaceuticals, which it can readily identify and quantify.1, 2 The segment from 1100 to 2500 nm is known as the Herschel region and contains NIR absorption mainly due to hydrogen overtones and combination of fundamental vibrations OH, CH, NH ; . These absorptions are generally weak and so it is possible to use solid samples directly without any further sample preparations. Extended to the previous work3 where traces of praziquantel can be determined in biological samples by using adsorptive stripping voltammetry, the active ingredient as well as water of hydration can also be determined by using near infra red NIR spectroscopic technique as would described in the present work. Considerable experience was gained with praziquantel in the Blue Nile Health Project in the Sudan see Chapter 9 ofthis volume, Section 9.8.2 ; . It was used in mass chemotherapy in the Study Zone, which.had quite a high prevalepe of intestinal bilharzia. Treatment costs came to U.S. $I capita in the first year of mass treatment and, for a maintenance program in each following year, to U.S. ##TEXT##.06 capita in 1984 U.S. dollars. Are replenished by ongoing low-level replication, chronically infected CD4 + T cells, or resting memory CD4 + T cells with replication-competent, integrated proviral DNA.10, 11 Therefore, we examined the characteristics of the reservoir of HIV-1 in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells of patients who were receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. Responses to brush stimuli The second stimulation paradigm consisted of a peripheral stimulation of a larger area using a manual brush. The stimulus was carefully centered at the locus of the punctate stimulation. Using this protocol we were able to modulate the firing rate of the units in a significant manner: the mean Golgi cell activity increased from 7.8 spikes s during the resting period to 15.7 spikes s during the stimulation period Modulation Index average, 0.36 ; . However, a large disparity was observed between units in the modulation of their discharge rate during paint brush stimulation MI standard deviation, 0.21 ; . This difference in modulation is exemplified by the pair of Fig. 2. Responses to punctate and brush stimuli compared Several measures of the responses of Golgi cells to the two stimulation protocols were compared. We did not find any correlation between the amplitude of the response to punctate stimulation and the modulation index MI ; but a significant positive correlation was found between latency of the punctate response and its MI. Again looking at the pair of Fig. 2 one notes that unit 1 had a short latency double peaked response and was strongly modulated, while unit 3 responded quite late and showed very little firing rate modulation. Fig. 3A shows the highly significant correlation between the difference in modulation index for Golgi cells of a same pair and the difference in latency of the first peak for the two units r 0.891; p 0.0005. We present the findings in what is apparently the first reported case of entrapment of the heart by a thymoma following cardiac surgery. Plum-Wirell M, Stegmayr BG, Wester PO 1994 ; . Nutritional magnesium supplementation does not change blood pressure nor serum or muscle potassium and magnesium in untreated hypertension. A double-blind crossover study. Magnesium Res 7: 277-283. Randall RE, Cohen D, Spray C, Rosmeisl EC 1964 ; . Hypermagnesaemia in renal failure. Ann Int Med 61: 73-88. Rasmussen HS, Aurup P, Goldstein K, Mc Nair P, Mortensen PB, Larsen OG, Lawaetz H 1989 ; . Influence of magnesium substitution therapy on blood lipid composition in patients with ischemic heart disease. A double-blind, placebo controlled study. Arch Int Med 149: 1050-1053. Ricci JM, Hariharan S, Helfgott A, Reed K, O'Sullivan MJ 1991 ; . Oral tocolysis with magnesium chloride: A randomized controlled prospective clinical trial. J Obstet Gynecol 165: 603-610. Rueddel H, Werner C, Ising H 1990 ; . Impact of magnesium supplementation on performance data in young swimmers. Magnesium Res 3: 103-107. Sack DA and Stephensen CB 1985 ; . Liberation of hydrogen from gastric acid following administration of oral magnesium. Dig Dis Sci 30: 1127-1133. Sakhaee K, Ruml L, Padalino P, Haynes S, Pak C 1996 ; . The lack of influence of long-term potassium citrate and calcium citrate treatment in total body aluminium burden in patients with functioning kidneys. J Coll Nutr 15: 102-106. Sang W 1891 ; . Case of accidental poisoning with epsom salts sulphate of magnesia ; . Lancet, Nov. 7, 1037. SCF Scientific Committee for Food ; 1993 ; . Nutrient and energy intakes for the European Community. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food. Thirty First Series. European Commission, Luxembourg. Schimatschek HF, Classen HG, Thni H, Haubold W 1987 ; . Vernderungen des Sure-Basen-Haushalts bei Ratten nach oraler Belastung mit verschiedenen Magnesiumverbindungen. Magnesium-Bull 9: 161-175. Schimatschek HF, Classen HG, Baerlocher K, Thni H 1997 ; . Hypomagnesimie und funktionell-neurovegetative Beschwerden bei Kindern: Eine Doppelblindstudie mit Der Kinderarzt 28: 196-203. Schimatschek HF, Hipp S, Rempis R, Wiesinger W, Classen HG 2001 ; . Magnesiummangel bei adipsen Kindern? Kinder- und Jugendmedizin in press ; . Schmann K, Classen HG, Hages M, Prinz-Langenohl R, Pietrzik K, Biesalski HK 1997 ; . Bioavailability of oral vitamins, minerals, and trace elements in perspective. Arzneim-Forsch Drug Res 47: 369-380. Seelig MS 1980 ; . Magnesium deficiency in the pathogenesis of disease. New York-London, Plenum Med. Book Comp. Seelig MS 1989 ; . Cardiovascular consequences of magnesium deficiency and loss: pathogenesis, prevalence and manifestations magnesium and chloride loss in refractory potassium repletion. J Cardiol 63: 46-216. Shaw JCL 1989 ; . Non-metabolizable base balance: Effect of diet composition on plasma pH. J Nutr 119: 1789-1798. Sibai BM, Villar MA, Bray E 1989 ; . Magnesium supplementation during pregnancy: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. J Obstet Gynecol 161: 115-119. Smilkstein MJ, Steedle D, Kulig KW, Marx JA, Rumack BH 1988 ; . Magnesium levels after magnesium-containing cathartics. Clin Toxicol 26: 51-65. Skeland J and Sulke J 1992 ; . Harnwegsinfektionen. Dt rztebl 89 A1 ; : 3660-3665. Solymoss B, Varga S, Classen HG, Selye H 1969 ; . In: Stress und Herzinfarkt. Heilmeyer L, Holtmeier HJ Hrsg ; . Herzinfarkt und Schock. Stuttgart, G. Thieme, pp 28-34. Sptling L and Sptling G 1988 ; . Magnesium supplementation in pregnancy. A double-blind study. Brit J Obstet Gynaecol 95: 120-125. Sptling L, Disch G, Classen HG 1989 ; . Magnesium in pregnant women and the newborn. Magnesium-Res 2: 271-280. Sptling L, Bubeck J, Schulz U, Wendt B, Teubner S, Disch-Hesse G, Siegmund-Schultze E, Classen HG 1998 ; . Magnesium supplementation in der Stillzeit? Ergebnisse einer klinischen und experimentellen Studie. Geburtsh U Frauenheilk 58: 561-565. Sptling L, Classen HG, Klpmann WR, Manz F, Rob PM, Schimatschek HF, Vierling W, Vormann J, Weigert A, Wink K 2000 ; . Diagnostik des Magnesiummangels. Fortschr Med-Originalien 118: 49-53. Spencer H, Fuller H, Norris C, Williams D 1994 ; . Effect of magnesium on the intestinal absorption of calcium in man. J Coll Nutr 13: 485-492. Stehle P, Schindler B, Wolf H, Schimatschek HF, Classen HG, Frst P 1991 ; . Ernhrungsphysiologische Bedeutung des Mensaessens der Universitt Hohenheim: Vergleich der Nhrstoffaufnahme mit den Zufuhrempfehlungen. Akt Ernhr-Med 16: 224-231. Stendig-Lindberg G, Tepper R, Leichter I 1993 ; . Trabecular bone density in a two year controlled trial of peroral magnesium in osteoporosis. Magnesium Res 6: 155-163. Stevens AR and Wolf HG 1950 ; . Magnesium intoxication. Arch Neurol Psychiat 63: 749-759. Sturniolo GC, Montino MC, Rossetto L, Martin A, D'Inca R, D'Odorico R, D'Odorico AA, Naccarato R 1991 ; . Inhibition of gastric acid secretion reduces zinc absorption in man. J Coll Nutr 10: 372-375. Thurnher H and Kresbach E 1961 ; . Beitrag zur Klinik und Behandlung der Magnesiumsulfatvergiftung. Wiener Klin Wschr 73: 356-357 and prevnar.

To them by Fujisawa Group, and Fujisawa Group, including its directors, employees and agents: 1 ; the Fujisawa Group-Thomson Medical Enterprise; 2 ; the Fujisawa GroupFirst DataBank Enterprise; and 3 ; the Fujisawa Group-Facts & Comparisons Enterprise. Each of the Fujisawa Group Manufacturer-Publisher Enterprises is an ongoing and continuing business organization consisting of both corporations and individuals that are and have been associated for the common or shared purposes of a ; publishing or otherwise disseminating false and misleading AWPs, b ; selling, purchasing, and administering AWPIDs to individual Plaintiffs and Class members and to participants in those Plaintiffs and Class members that comprise health and welfare plans, and c ; deriving profits from these activities. Each of the Fujisawa Group ManufacturerPublisher Enterprises has a systemic linkage because there are contractual relationships, financial ties, and continuing coordination of activities between Fujisawa Group and Thomson Medical, Fujisawa Group and First DataBank, and Fujisawa Group and Facts & Comparisons. As to each of these Fujisawa Group Manufacturer-Publisher Enterprises, there is a common communication network by which Fujisawa Group and Thomson Medical, Fujisawa Group and First Data Bank, and Fujisawa Group and Facts & Comparisons share information on a regular basis. As to each of these Fujisawa Group Manufacturer-Publisher Enterprises, Fujisawa Group and Thomson Medical, Fujisawa Group and First Data Bank, and Fujisawa Group and Facts & Comparisons functioned as continuing but separate units. At all relevant times, each of the Fujisawa Group Manufacturer-Publisher Enterprises was operated and conducted by Dey for criminal purposes, namely, carrying out the AWP Scheme. j ; The GSK Group Manufacturer-Publisher Enterprises: The GSK Group. ADMIN LEVEL 1 REGION ; Admin Level 1 refers to the region, or the equivalent, where the programme was carried out. ADMIN LEVEL 2 DISTRICT ; Admin Level 2 refers to the district. Data is always requested by district in order to identify where programmes overlap and to facilitate the visual mapping of the data. DRUGS USED The drug or combination of drugs administered is recorded in acronynms as follows: Alb Mbd Pzq Iver + Alb DEC + Alb Albendazole Mebendazole Praziquantel Ivermectin + albendazole DEC + albendazole and prialt. By S. mansoni eggs is less severe. Clinical manifestations are not as dramatic as they used to be and the acute phase of the disease passes unnoticed to the chronic phase. During this period, production of low quantities of eggs continues, these are trapped in the tissue and their presence in the stools is each time less evident Warren 1978 ; . Clinical diagnosis is the first affected parameter since S. mansoni-infected persons do not declare symptoms different from those of the non infected Ruiz et al. 2002 ; . Moreover, abdominal ultrasound, an excellent non invasive tool, that can detect fibrosis, is not very different among these two groups Ruiz et al. 2002 ; . Laboratorial diagnosis becomes difficult because stool examination with the useful Kato-Katz technique, looses sensitivity and underestimates the prevalence Engels et al. 1996, Kong et al. 2001 ; . Serological help has been proposed more than a decade ago in order to overcome this problem and to reach as much as possible the real prevalence Alarcn de Noya et al. 1992 ; , in spite that immunological tests need blood sample, trained persons and adequate infrastructure. Although antigen detecting techniques van Lieshout et al. 2000 ; and detection of DNA parasite particles Rabello et al. 2002 ; have not been completely successful in their application in endemic areas, a test detecting parasite presence is needed for massive application in field work, specially when a control measure has to be evaluated. Low prevalence also means that not all the people at risk, even living close to transmission areas are infected, therefore massive treatment under these conditions can be questionable. In places where cysticercosis overlaps to schistosomiasis ones, massive praziquantel administration can increase the possibility of seizures and be inconvenient for the control program Torres et al. 1988 ; . The definition of transmission areas has clear implications in treatment application. Chemotherapy rules change in high or low transmission areas. While massive treatment is justified in countries with high intensity of infection or also high morbidity, selective treatment seems to be the adequate measure in LTA. Would it be necessary to monitor the treatment effectiveness to ensure that nobody eliminates eggs and consequently contaminates water supplies? A question arises, should treatment be repeated? How often in LTA? In our hands effectiveness of praziquantel has not been shown to be absolute Incani et al. 1998 ; . In the past we demonstrated that in a population where the transmission was interrupted, 38% of the persons controlled one year after praziquantel treatment, continue with active infection Alarcn de Noya et al. 1992a, Garca et al. 2006 ; . It seems that at least two years after chemotherapy, a new surveillance must be carried out to additionally minimize the effect of migrating persons out of the endemic area. Based on this discussion, the aim of the control is different among the areas of high or low transmission. Decrease of morbidity control is the goal of control in high endemic transmission areas and transmission control should be the goal in the low endemic ones, as already has been achieved by WHO 2001 ; . Moreover, the presence of extra human hosts has implications if the area is submitted to an interruption or elimination of transmission WHO 2001.

2.8.3.1 General The measurement of the harness of concrete by indention originated in Germany in 1934, although the major publication indicating that hardness bears and empirical relation to strength did not appear until 1952 [9]. Two types of test hammer are used: the impact force is caused either by contraction and release of a spring or by the swing of a pendulum and primaquine. Figure 3. Separation With Eluent Preconditioning 10 L ; Elution Order: Uracil, Phthalic Acid, 3, 5-Dimethylaniline, 3-Cyanobenzoic Acid, and 1-Nitrobutane Backpressure was Measured at 81 Bar. Also manifested in the change from baseline to week 12 LOCF ; in CGIS score P50.01 ; , the mean CGII score at week 12 P50.001 ; and in the change from P baseline to week 12 LOCF ; in the two SDS items `work' P0.01 ; and `social' P 0.01 ; P0.02 ; Table 2 ; . 0.02 ; A total of 54% of escitalopram-treated patients and 39% of placebo-treated patients responded to treatment LOCF, P50.01 ; . The corresponding figures for the observed case OC ; analysis were 63% of escitalopram-treated patients and 43% of placebo-treated patients P50.001 ; . P and primidone.

Explanation Item 20 This is an Area Needing Improvement for Lee DSS. This item determines if workers are visiting with the parents of children under agency supervision. Reviewers determined that in 60% of foster care cases and in 90% of treatment cases, this needed improvement due to the lack of documentation, the content of the visits failed to assess risk and safety issues and because contacts were being made sporadically. In several cases, contacts were not made with biological fathers. Sometimes radiotherapy and chemotherapy are given at the same time. Your clinical oncologist will be responsible for prescribing and supervising your radiotherapy treatment. Some patients may be given radiotherapy as palliative treatment. In other words, it will be used to relieve the symptoms of the cancer or to reduce pain. Where will you have radiotherapy? Because of the nature of radiotherapy equipment, not every local hospital has the space, expertise or resources to carry out radiotherapy. Therefore radiotherapy departments tend to be found in the larger regional and teaching hospitals. Often you will have your initial cancer treatment such as surgery ; at your local hospital and will then be referred to your nearest specialist cancer treatment hospital for your radiotherapy treatment. Will you suffer from side effects? Radiotherapy can destroy cancer cells, but it can also have an effect on some of the surrounding normal cells. Side effects, such as tiredness or skin reactions, are likely to be minimal and some people will experience none at all. You should, however, discuss possible side effects with your doctor in order to prepare yourself before treatment and probenecid. Exhibit tanks were not completely successful. Oral and intramuscular praziquantel neither killed the parasites nor alleviated the lesions, although rubbing was sometimes reduced this improvement was not related to dose of the drug ; . Treatment of the whole system with.

NOW Vitamin E is a major antioxidant and the primary defense against lipid peroxidation. It is particularly important in protecting the body's cells from free radical oxidative damage. These protective benefits are achievable with supplemental intakes what is normally consumed in the average diet. NO56-318 100 Caps .98 .78 NO56-3434 250 Caps .95 .76 and procainamide. Attended grade 3 at the start of the study in order to keep disturbances of the school routine to a minimum and because this grade should represent the infection situation in a primary school relatively well [15]. All grade 3 pupils were eligible for participation with one exception: during the baseline survey two out of five and one out of four grade 3 classes in two large schools had to be excluded due to logistic constraints. These classes, however, were included during treatment and successive surveys. All pupils who provided a urine specimen during the pretreatment survey were included in the analysis of infection patterns at baseline but only children who had been treated with praziquantel were included in the analysis of the post-treatment surveys. Of these, another 4.6% who reported having received additional treatment for schistosome infection while our study was ongoing were excluded from analysis. Otherwise only children who refused to participate or who were absent or unable to produce a specimen during each of our repeated visits.

Dates 1997 October Activity Pilot Kenya Ministry of Health, Division of Vector Borne Disease DVBD ; parasitological survey. Pilot ICS Pupil Questionnaire Parent-teacher meetings in Group 1 schools Pupil Questionnaire administration in grades 3 to 8, and School Questionnaire administration in all schools DVBD parasitological survey for grades 3 to 8 Group 1 schools January-May March-April October-November November 1999 January-March Heavy precipitation and widespread flooding associated with the El Nino weather phenomenon First round of 1998 medical treatment with albendazole, praziquantel ; in Group 1 schools ICS NGO ; examinations administered in grades 3 to 8 all schools Second round of 1998 medical albendazole ; in Group 1 schools treatment with. Below is a table which shows how much you will pay for your covered drugs with a Prescription Pathway Bronze, Gold and Platinum plan. Drug Coverage Type Generic drugs Brand drugs Specialty drugs Coverage Gap donut hole ; coverage Drug Tier G B S Bronze 25% Gold 33% 100% Platinum 33% Generic and prohibit.

The Outpatient Program provides treatment for people suffering from addiction to alcohol and or other drugs and who do not require hospitalization or who have completed detoxification. The intensive outpatient program requires a patient's involvement several days a week. Participants can choose an evening or day program according to their school or work schedule. New patients can enter the program at any time. Another option is the Individual Outpatient Program which begins with an initial evaluation and an assignment to a therapist. The therapist provides individual treatment that includes cognitive behavior therapy, motivational interviewing and twelve-step facilitation. An addiction psychiatrist is also available to treat patients with the latest addictions medications designed to reduce cravings and decrease the chances of relapse.

Name . Address Postcode. D.O.B Tel No. PMI No. NHS No. Reason for referral Parental concern Presence of intermittent or constant squint Unusual ocular movements or drooping lid ptosis ; Suspected poor vision Habitual closure of one eye Screw eyes up rub them frequently 2 year check ; Reports regular headaches, particularly frontal type 2 year check ; If anyone in the direct family or a close relative ; has had an eye problem prior to the age of 8 years: Glasses Patching for lazy eye Squint Squint surgery and prevnar. Collected accurately the study coordinator meets with the primary parent for an education session prior to the scheduled date for actigraphy use. An explanation for completion of the diary forms and use of the actigraphy device event marker was provided using sample diary forms and hands- on experience. The parent was given a scenario and asked to demonstrate how to complete the diary forms and use the actigraphy device event marker. Conclusion: Presently, 28 children with ASD have successfully completed at least 7 nights of actigraphy. We attribute our success to our education supports using 'social story' booklets, face to face parental education and hands-on opportunity with the study coordinator. Support optional ; : Vanderbilt University Interdisciplinary Discovery Award, General Clinical Research Center MO1 RR00095, National Alliance of Autism Research Autism Speaks Organization for Autism Research.
And xylazine 2 mg kg ; , and were perfused transcardially with 1 liter of 0.15 M NaCl followed by 2 liters of 4% paraformaldehyde-lysine-periodate fixative 13 ; . The brain and spinal cord segments C1 L4 were subsequently removed, postfixed for 45 h in 4% paraformaldehyde-lysine-periodate fixative, and then cryoprotected by incubation for 2 days in 30% aqueous sucrose at 4C. Tissue processing. The brain stem and spinal cord segments removed from all animals were sectioned coronally at 35- m thickness by using a freezing microtome; tissue sections were collected in six sets so that spacing between adjacent sections in a set was 210 m. Tissue sections were stored at 20C in cryoprotectant 25 ; until they were immunoprocessed. One tissue set from each animal employed for dual injection experiments was processed by using a carbocyanine double-fluorescence method described in detail elsewhere 5 ; to determine the distribution of neurons infected by injection of PRV-BaBlu into the diaphragm and PRV-152 into genioglossus. Briefly, sections were incubated in a primary antibody solution for 2 days at 4C. A mouse monoclonal antibody that recognized -galactosidase 1: 500; Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, MO ; identified the unique reporter of PRV-BaBlu, whereas a rabbit polyclonal antibody that recognized enhanced green fluorescent protein 1: 000; Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR ; identified the unique reporter of PRV-152. Tissue was then washed in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer and incubated for 2 h at room temperature in a solution containing donkey anti-mouse secondary antibody conjugated to the CY3 carbocyanine 1: 500; Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, West Grove, PA ; and goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody conjugated to Bodipy 1: 300; Molecular Probes ; . Thus neurons infected with PRV-BaBlu exhibited red fluorescence, and neurons infected with PRV-152 exhibited green fluorescence. Neurons containing both fluorophors appeared yellow. To provide a more complete mapping of the distribution of genioglossal and diaphragm premotor neurons in the brain stem, two other wells of tissue were processed by using immunoperoxidase procedures; this method was also utilized in initial single-injection experiments where genioglossus was inoculated with PRV-152. This processing made use of the same primary antibodies employed for the double fluorescence method described above along with the avidin-biotin modification of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase procedure 11 ; . Affinity purified secondary antibodies Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories ; and Vectastain reagents Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA ; were employed for these immunoperoxidase localizations. On completion of the immunohistochemical processing, the tissue was mounted on gelatincoated slides, dehydrated, cleared, and coverslipped with Cytoseal 60 VWR Scientific, West Chester, PA ; . Tissue analysis. Immunoreacted tissue sections were examined and photographed by using a Zeiss Axioplan photomicroscope equipped with epifluorescence and filters that selectively excited Bodipy or CY3 and with a filter that allowed for the excitation of both fluorophors. As noted above, the red fluorescence of CY3 was used to identify cells infected after injection of PRV-BaBlu into the diaphragm, whereas the green fluorescence of Bodipy was used to identify neurons infected by PRV-152 injected into the genioglossal muscle. Putative dual-infected neurons were examined by using a 40 objective to ensure that yellow fluorescence signal reflected the intracellular localization of both CY3 and Bodipy and was not due to the overlap of neurons differentially labeled with each fluorophor. Digital photographs of neurons were obtained with a Hamamatsu camera Hamamatsu Photonics, Hamamatsu, Japan ; and a Simple-32 PCI image anal jap.

Praziquantel , c 19 h can be used to treat schistosomiasis caused by any one of the three major species. On 19 April 2007, Merck KGaA signed a partnership agreement with the World Health Organization, to supply 200 million tablets of Cesol 600 praziquantel ; for the treatment of schistosomiasis over a 10 year period. The Merck donation, with an estimated value of approximately US$ 80 million, should allow the treatment of some 80 million schistosomiasis cases over the lifetime of the program. The donation will address the issue of the affordability of praziquantel, which has been a barrier to access in poor communities and the main obstacle to implementing preventive anthelminthic chemotherapy in many African countries. Anthelminthic chemotherapy refers to drug treatment for worm infections, such as schistosomiasis, that disrupt the metabolism of the worms responsible, also known as helminths.

Acids known to be essential for other species, except for arachidonic acid, which constituted only 0.02% of fin ished dietary dry matter. This diet was the only diet that did not contain at least 5% coconut fat. To feed the diets, water was added 40% by weight ; to form a moistened cake, which was stored at -20Cfor up to 1 mo. Prior to feeding, feed was warmed to room temperature and chopped into bite-sized -0.5 cm3 ; pieces. Feed was offered three times weekly for 1-2 h. Animals were judged to have reached satiation because some feed remained at the end of each feeding. Dry matter consumption was calculated by difference using the daily recorded weight of feed offered and uneaten and adjusting for moisture. Feeding study. At 6 wk age, alligators were segre gated according to clutch and size, such that there were eight tanks of four alligators of equal average weight for each of the four clutches. One tank from each group of eight was randomly assigned to each dietary treatment. Thus, each dietary treatment contained one replicate tank of four alligators ; from each clutch. The feeding study was begun d 1 ; by feeding alligators a mixture of. Currently, this newsletter is only being distributed electronically by e-mail. This newsletter is a service provided by the Chesapeake Master Gardner's and Virginia Cooperative Extension. The author is Jim Lachowicz a Chesapeake Master Gardener and the editor is Lynnette J. Swanson, Extension Agent - Environmental Horticulture, Virginia Cooperative Extension. If you wish to be added to this free monthly gardening newsletter, send your e-mail address to jlachowicz cox or gardener agri.city.chesapeake.va. In-Situ - Term synonymous with in vivo In-vitro - Term used when measuring chlorophyll that is extracted from the algal cells Oligotrophic - term used to describe a nutrient-poor body of water. Pheophytin - term for degraded chlorophyll that occurs naturally or as a result of acidification. Phytoplankton - the photosynthesizing constituent of plankton, mainly unicellular algae Phycoerythrin - the accessory pigment found primarily in marine cyanobacteria species such as Synechococcus spp Primary Standard - a sample of the exact same material being measured, and ideally at a known concentration level. Quenching - term refers to factors that reduce, or quench, fluorescence. Secondary Standard - a sample material that can be used as a secondary measure for calibration, and provides a stable reference that is repeatable.